A significant difference is Norway was only hunting minke whales which are still in the least concern category. Japan however was hunting actually threatened Sperm whales and Fin Whales.
Further, they where doing it under the auspices of research far from Japan vs Norway which was more brazen, but also more local.
PS: Alaskan whale hunting by Inuit also largely gets a free pass.
Per that chart, Japan predominantly hunts minke whales, and last took a single sperm whale in 2013. Indonesia kills approximately 20 sperm whales every year.
Who is it giving the Inuit a pass? Why do they have a say in it? Someone shows up thousands of years after the fact and starts telling the Inuit what they can and can't eat? I don't see that as a defensible position to hold. The Inuit should be able to eat their own whales if they want to.
The Japanese are indigenous to Japan and have been hunting whales for a thousand years and maybe over ten thousand[1] so I guess we don’t get to tell them what they can and can’t eat either.
Aside from the difference in population between the Japanese and the Inuit, the Japanese are also increasingly disinterested in eating whale meat [1][2]. It appears to be an aspect of their culture which is on the wane (in effect they're telling themselves what to eat), so international pressure on them to stop doesn't strike me as outrageously insensitive.
Further, they where doing it under the auspices of research far from Japan vs Norway which was more brazen, but also more local.
PS: Alaskan whale hunting by Inuit also largely gets a free pass.