Coronavirus replication is pretty dramatically different from HIV replication-- coronaviruses are not retroviruses, and do not have a step where viral RNA is converted into DNA and integrated into the host cell's genome. Instead, coronavirus RNA is directly interpreted by the cell's ribosomes to make the proteins that ultimately build and comprise the replicated viruses.
The mRNA vaccines work in much the same way-- it's just that the mRNA vaccines only include the code for the spike protein and not the rest of the virus's machinery. So you get the vaccine and your body produces a bunch of spike protein by itself, which gives your immune system the opportunity to learn how to identify and react to the spike protein before it sees it on a real virus.
The mRNA vaccines work in much the same way-- it's just that the mRNA vaccines only include the code for the spike protein and not the rest of the virus's machinery. So you get the vaccine and your body produces a bunch of spike protein by itself, which gives your immune system the opportunity to learn how to identify and react to the spike protein before it sees it on a real virus.