I think it's going to come down to the AHJ, or your own judgement if there is no inspection. The way I've seen it explained on electrician forums is that you're not using the piece of PVC for its properties as conduit under the electric code (like say outer damage protection/containment for running single THHNs), so it isn't considered a conduit. But it would obviously be wrong to apply this argument to things like conduit fill or abrasion protection - regardless whether the pipe was manufactured intended for electrical conduit or not.

While they call mains voltage 120V, that's actually RMS voltage and not peak voltage. The peak is 170V, which I think is a better gauge for thinking about insulation and safety (by the time power is being resistively dissipated, you've already lost). Residential "240V" circuits use opposing legs of a split phase, so nothing is more than 170V from ground, which is what matters for insulation and most failure modes. You're not going to get any more of a shock from a "240V" residential circuit than a "120V" one unless you manage to touch both ungrounded conductors at the same time - it's the arc flash risk that gets worse.

Although now that I'm really thinking about it, maybe mixing insulation types is not foolproof at the extremes. If there is a wire with 170V inside sitting in free space, the worst case assumption is that it can have 170V on the outside of its insulation as well (due to the parasitic resistance and capacitance across the insulation, and ignoring the parasitics to ground. If this sounds strange to you, think about how those non-contact voltage testers can work). So if you put a grounded conductor with a low insulation rating right next to it, that insulation could have voltage across it higher than its own rating (depending on its parasitic R/C), which may cause it to break down over time. The possibility is likely moot with real world values, but still.