Another older source for this sort of prediction is Samuel Butler's 1863 essay *Darwin among the Machines* in which Butler predicted that improvements in technology (which he compared to Darwin's then new idea of natural selection) would mean that machines would eventually surpass humanity. Butler later expanded this idea in his 1872 novel *Erewhon* in which a seemingly primitive culture is discovered by Westerners who later discover that the culture at one point had technology vastly superior to the West but abandoned it out of fear of where it was leading. Butler is the reason why Herbert named the "Butlerian Jihad" in Dune (although later an in-universe character was created)