Your best bet is a university text book on computer architecture. The course I took used a decimal based CPU (not binary) and had many other "simplifications" but its probably your best bet, at least unless you want to learn assembly level programming full stop... in which case there is some really good 32bit linux asm tutorials out there (64 bit stuff isn't as common).

This is basically part of most first year IT / CS courses, and kind of not used in day to day IT so many self taught programmers never learn it.