Physicists have learned quite a bit about the fundamental structure of the cosmos in the last 500 years. We can get into philosophical quibbles over what is knowledge and the relationship between approximations to reality, but we have clearly developed a very rich understanding of how the world works. A lot of the fundamentals are very clearly known. Entropy and statistical mechanics have been part of physics for 150 years and have clearly enhanced our understanding of the universe. Claude Shannon’s work definitively helped us understand the world more deeply. I think deep learning is interesting but it would be a stretch to claim that this has enriched our understanding of the universe by a large margin. Definitely not as much as Shannon’s work.